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The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the highest court of the European Union (EU). It has the ultimate say on matters of EU law in order to ensure equal application across the various European Union member states.[1] The body was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg City — unlike most other Union institutions which are based in Brussels. The court is composed of one judge per member state although only 13 of them hear a case at any one time in the 'Grand Chamber'. The court is led by a president; since 2003 this has been Vassilios Skouris.[1] The court is assisted by a lower court, the Court of First Instance, which has jurisdiction over direct actions brought by natural or legal persons. Its previous jurisdiction over staff cases brought by offices of the European Institutions and agencies was transferred to the Civil Service Tribunal. The court was established in 1952, by the Treaty of Paris (1951), for the European Coal and Steel Community.[1] It was established with seven judges, considered an ideal number to allow for representation of each of the six member States and an unequal number in case of a tie. One would be appointed from each member state and the seventh seat rotated between the "large Member States" (Germany, France and Italy). It became an institution of the new Communities when the Treaties of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Although all three communities were separate, under the Convention of 25 March 1957 they shared some common institutions; these being the Parliamentary Assembly and the Court. It was with this that the Court of the ECSC became the Court of Justice of the European Communities.[2][3]
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