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Abu Ray?an Mu?ammad ibn A?mad al-Biruni (Arabic ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????) (born September 15, 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died December 13, 1048 in Ghazni) was a Persian[1][2][3] polymath[4] scholar of the 11th century. He was a scientist and physicist, an anthropologist and comparative sociologist, an astronomer and chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and psychologist, an Islamic philosopher and theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields. He was the first Muslim scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition,[5] and has been described as the father of Indology,[6] the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist".[7] He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method,[8] and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics[9] and mineralogy, a pioneer of comparative sociology[10] and experimental psychology,[11] and the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena.[12] The Al-Biruni crater, on the Moon, is named after Biruni. Tashkent Technical University (formerly Tashkent Polytechnic Institute) is also named after Abu Rayhan al-Biruni.
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